Connecting a Generator to House

Let me start by saying that the safest way of connecting a portable generator set or any other power source to house wiring is via a transfer system. The question of course is what to do if you don’t have one and a power outage caught you off guard? Fortunately, there are still some ways of energizing your house without a transfer switch, especially if you have a drier line. However, these methods may be not quite safe, would not comply with National Electrical Code (NEC®) and should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary in an emergency.

I personally would not recommend doing this. However, I realize that some people will do so anyway, so I have compiled here some information to help you do it technically right. Of course, this information is provided for general reference only without liability of any kind- this is not a professional advice! Remember, you can always use extension cords to feed stand-alone appliances. If nevertheless you decided to power up your home without a transfer switch, let’s first review the safety issues before going over the available options listed below.

HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH PLUGGING A GENSET DIRECTLY TO HOUSE WIRING:

• Feeding electricity back into the grid (“backfeeding“) presents a hazard for linemen and neighbors. Using main breaker instead of a transfer switch still leaves room for human error;
• Using male-to-male extension cords presents electrocution risk because a plug on the loose end can be electrically “live”;
• Miswiring can create a hazardous condition.

If you decide to go for it, be sure to observe the following basic rules. Remember- you do it at your own risk!

IMPORTANT SAFETY RULES TO FOLLOW:

• Always turn OFF the main disconnect before you begin any work. Keep it in OFF position until you unplug and turned off your portable generator;
• Wear lineman rubber gloves;
• Run your power source only outdoors with exhaust away from doors and windows

OK, now let’s get down to business. Most portable generators rated 5000 watt or higher have 4-prong 125/250V twist-lock outlet NEMA L14-30. It provides two “hot” wires, the neutral and ground as shown on the above diagram (the colors are for the mating cord; hot lead can also be red). Also see the configuration of other sockets.

If you have an electric drier outlet, it can be employed as described below (which as I’ve said, may be dangerous if you are not careful).

CONNECTING A 4-PRONG CABLE TO 3-PRONG OUTLET

Many homes in North America have a 3-hole 120/240V outlet. Some homes built prior to 1996 may have NEMA 10-30R. It provides two “hot” wires and neutral (see diagram). The old appliances that used such an outlet had a jumper between neutral terminal and grounding lug. By the way, people are often looking to buy a 3-prong to 4-prong adapter. Well, there is no such thing: nobody sells it because having plugs on both ends is not safe. In order to connect a generator output to the home wiring via an existing 3-hole outlet you’ll have to make your own cable. Here is how. Take a standard 4-wire generator cord and remove its socket. This will expose four leads. Then there are two options. If you have a loose mating 3-prong plug NEMA 10-30P, attach its X and Y terminals to two line wires, and W to the neutral (refer to L14-30 pinout above). Alternatively, if you have a 3-prong drier cord, you can tie its loose ends to L1, L2 and N of the generator cord by using wire nuts. In both cases the remaining green lead can be used to ground the genset frame (read below).

If your model has a built-in GFCI, then its frame is supposed to be already bonded internally to the neutral (you can verify this with an ohmmeter). Since neutral bus in your home is grounded inside the main panel, the frame of your genset will likewise be tied to earth via this connection. In this case, you can just isolate the green lead in the cable and leave it unconnected. However, if your model does not have a GFCI, you may need to connect its frame to earth. There are several ways of doing this. A safer way is to install a copper or brass rod. Drive it at least 2 feet deep into the earth and connect to the frame via #6 AWG wire. See Article 250 of the NEC® 2020 for the requirements. Alternatively, if you are in a hurry, you can attach the green lead of the generator cord to the cover plate of the wall outlet. To tie it reliably, I would crimp a round lug to this wire and put this lug under any mounting screw of the plate. Note that if you rely on the cord for the grounding, obviously it will work only when this cord is plugged at both ends. Be sure to do it before turning the genset on. In all cases double-check continuity between the frame and earth by an ohmmeter.
The maximum power you can provide to your house with such a scheme will be determined by the ratings of two 120/240V circuit breakers: the one that is in your generator and the one that is on the drier line, whichever is lesser. For example, if your genset has 30A breaker and your electrical panel has a 20-amp breaker for the drier, then maximum power you can draw will be 20A*240V=4800 volt-amp. In reality, you likely will get less because loads on L1 and l2 are often imbalanced (and by the way, it is recommended to load the breakers only up to 80%).

To reduce risk, it is important to follow proper power-up and power-down sequences as described below.

POWER-UP SEQUENCE

• Turn OFF the main electrical service disconnect and attach a visible note “Do not turn on”;
• Turn OFF all branch breakers in your distribution panel including the double-pole breaker for the drier or another outlet that you plan to use;
• Plug your modified cord first into the outlet. Place a visible note “Do not unplug until genset is turned off”;
• Run the cord through an open door or a window to outside and connect it to your genset
• Assure that frame of your generator is grounded (see the safety warning above);
• Start it up and let it stabilize for 5 minutes;
• Turn on the double-pole breaker that feeds the 120/240V genset’s outlet;
• Begin turning on individual switches in your electrical panel to energize the critical branches which you want to backup. Do it one at a time.

A proper reverse procedure is equally important to reduce risk.

POWER-OFF SEQUENCE

• Unplug the extension cord first from the genset, then from the house outlet (never unplug the load side of the cable first since it is energized!!!);
• Shut down the genset;
• Turn ON the main service breaker (assuming the utility power is restored).

WIRING A GENERATOR 4-PRONG CABLE TO 4-PRONG OUTLET

Newer homes may have 4-prong 125/250V drier outlet NEMA 14-30R. It provides a separate ground hole besides L1, L2 and N (see diagram). For our task it has the right number of leads, but the wrong geometry. To connect a genset to such a receptacle one can replace the socket in the generator cord with a 4-prong plug NEMA 14-30P. This is a pretty much straightforward task. Then you need to follow the proper power-up and power-down procedures outlined above.

MORE OPTIONS

If you don’t have either the right NEMA plug 10-30P or drier cord handy, things get more involved. If I had to do it, I would turn off the main circuit breaker, pull the drier receptacle off the wall, and disconnect all its wires. Then I would attach them to the generator cable one by one by using standard wire nuts with steel springs. I would of course double check that all circuits correctly match: “hot” wires are usually black and red, and the neutral is white. The remaining green ground lead can be bolted to the metal wall box. I would also secure somehow the cable, so it would not be hanging on its leads.

USING MAIN PANEL

If you don’t have a high-current receptacle, you can connect a portable source to your house at the main service box. First of all, of course, flip the main circuit breakers to OFF (OPEN) position. Then you can remove the cover door. Remember that the panel may become energized from utility, so wear rubber gloves!  Take a sufficiently long generator cord with 4-wire plug and bolt red and black leads to the “hot” busbars (the thick vertical metal plates) after the main double-breaker. Be sure your connection is downstream from the main disconnect and not upstream. In other words, do not connect it to the lines that go to your meter. Bond white and green leads to the neutral bar and metal case respectively. (Neutral bar is usually grounded anyway). Place a sign not to touch anything until the genset is off. Turn off all individual breakers before starting up the genset to prevent its overload. Finally, turn on your unit. After it warms up, activate those lines that you need, and do it one at a time.

A final note. If your model is rated at 4000 watt or less, then most likely it provides only 120V. If your building has a standard 120/240V system, it means it has two separate “out of phase” 120V lines.  In this case, unfortunately it’s impossible to power the whole house with a single 120V source. In theory, if you don’t have any 240V appliances (such as central a/c), you could supply electricity only to half of the electrical branches, i.e. on one of the two 120V buses. If needed, you can additionally move some key branches to that backed up bus by swapping the respective circuit breakers.

NOTE. The information in this site is provided AS IS for technical reference only without guarantee and liability of any type, neither explicit or implicit. It expresses only the personal opinion of the author. This does not constitute professional or legal advice– see complete disclaimer linked below. If you use this information, you do it AT YOUR OWN RISK. Always refer to NEC®, local codes and your product manual for wiring and safety requirements. And I strongly advise you to do the work with a licensed professional.